Thymic Carcinoma


Thymic carcinoma belongs to a group of uncommon epithelial neoplasms. They are characterized by cytologic atypia and anaplasia. On CT scans, they often show central necrosis in a large tumoral mass, with invasion and infiltration of adjacent structures in the mediastinum. Because of their aggressive nature, they are likely to produce hematogenous and lymphatic spread, locally and distally.

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Thymic Lesion

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Overview Thymic tumors occupy the anterior mediastinum, which is immediately posterior to the sternum and the anterior surface of the pericardium and great vessels. Tumors of thymic, lymphatic, or germ cell origin most commonly occur in this compartment, although aberrant parathyroid or thyroid tissue masses are sometimes found, along with vascular and mesenchymal tissue masses. (See the images below.) Fairly large thymus in an infant.  View Media Gallery Gross appearance of a thymoma showing distinct multinodularity and scattered, focal cystic changes.  View Media Gallery Thymolymphoma. Chest radiograph shows a large, lobulated mediastinal mass.  View Media Gallery About one half of all thymic tumors are malignant in individuals aged 20-40 years, and one third are malignant in persons younger than 20 years and those older than 40 years. (A malignant thymic tumor is seen in the image below.) Malignant thymoma. Chest CT scan in a 61-year-old man with myasthenia gr
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Advance Treatments

Abstract and Introduction  Abstract Myasthenia gravis (MG) should be classified according to antibody status (acetylcholine, MuSK, LRP4, titin), thymus (hyperplasia, neoplasia, atrophy), age at debut (< or >50 years), symptom localization (generalized, ocular) and severity. With optimal treatment, the prognosis is good in terms of daily functions, quality of life and survival. Symptomatic treatment with acetylcholine esterase is usually combined with immunosuppression. A combination of prednisolone and azathioprine remains the first choice alternative, whereas rituximab is a promising second choice drug for severe generalized MG. Thymectomy is recommended for early-onset, generalized MG and for thymoma MG. In acute exacerbations including MG crisis, intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange have good and similar effects. MG in young females needs therapeutic considerations regarding potential pregnancy. Introduction Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune and antib
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Normal Thymus

The thymus arises from the third and fourth branchial pouches and contains elements from all three germ cell layers [15]. The gland consists of two lateral lobes placed in close contact along the midline of the upper chest [14]. The thymus increases from birth to between 4 and 8 months of age and then decreases [14]. It normally weighs about 15 gm at birth and 35 gm at puberty [14]. It is most active and largest during puberty after which it shrinks in size and activity in most people and is replaced with fat [14]. Total fatty involution of the thymus occurs around the age of 40 years when only about 5% of residual thymic tissue is retained [19]. However, the normal thymus can still be identified in up to 100% of patients under the age of 30 years, in up to 73% of patients between the ages of 30-49 years, and in up to 17% of patients older than 49 years [13].  On CXR in infants and young children the thymus is strikingly large- it usually has smooth borders and remains visible on
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